Case of morality; a survey of common views

Such criteria as life, human gene, ethical agency, perception and feeling, social or biological relationships, and a combination of them form the basis on which one can speak about case of morality. The views, being based upon man or beings other than man or emphasizing essential values have sought to defend themselves. By essential value is publicly meant non instrumental and independent value. As is explained in the paper, with regard to common views in the field and considering ethical value and essential value, one cannot know plants and animals to be cases of morality. Furthermore, with regard to transcendent purpose of Islam and accepting human-based state of morality, instrumental value of the beings other than man can be viewed as essential value.